Loop 2.0.0

Loop 2.0.0

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Maintained by Anders Ha.

Loop 2.0.0

  • By
  • ReactiveCocoa Community

Unidirectional Reactive Architecture. This is a ReactiveSwift counterpart of RxFeedback.

Documentation

Motivation

Requirements for iOS apps have become huge. Our code has to manage a lot of state e.g. server responses, cached data, UI state, routing etc. Some may say that Reactive Programming can help us a lot but, in the wrong hands, it can do even more harm to your code base.

The goal of this library is to provide a simple and intuitive approach to designing reactive state machines.

Core Concepts

State

State is the single source of truth. It represents a state of your system and is usually a plain Swift type (which doesn't contain any ReactiveSwift primitives). Your state is immutable. The only way to transition from one State to another is to emit an Event.

struct Results<T: JSONSerializable> {
    let page: Int
    let totalResults: Int
    let totalPages: Int
    let results: [T]

    static func empty() -> Results<T> {
        return Results<T>(page: 0, totalResults: 0, totalPages: 0, results: [])
    }
}

struct Context {
    var batch: Results<Movie>
    var movies: [Movie]

    static var empty: Context {
        return Context(batch: Results.empty(), movies: [])
    }
}

enum State {
    case initial
    case paging(context: Context)
    case loadedPage(context: Context)
    case refreshing(context: Context)
    case refreshed(context: Context)
    case error(error: NSError, context: Context)
    case retry(context: Context)
}
Event

Represents all possible events that can happen in your system which can cause a transition to a new State.

enum Event {
    case startLoadingNextPage
    case response(Results<Movie>)
    case failed(NSError)
    case retry
}
Reducer

A Reducer is a pure function with a signature of (State, Event) -> State. While Event represents an action that results in a State change, it's actually not what causes the change. An Event is just that, a representation of the intention to transition from one state to another. What actually causes the State to change, the embodiment of the corresponding Event, is a Reducer. A Reducer is the only place where a State can be changed.

static func reduce(state: State, event: Event) -> State {
    switch event {
    case .startLoadingNextPage:
        return .paging(context: state.context)
    case .response(let batch):
        var copy = state.context
        copy.batch = batch
        copy.movies += batch.results
        return .loadedPage(context: copy)
    case .failed(let error):
        return .error(error: error, context: state.context)
    case .retry:
        return .retry(context: state.context)
    }
}
Feedback

While State represents where the system is at a given time, Event represents a trigger for state change, and a Reducer is the pure function that changes the state depending on current state and type of event received, there is not as of yet any type to emit events given a particular current state. That's the job of the Feedback. It's essentially a "processing engine", listening to changes in the current State and emitting the corresponding next events to take place. It's represented by a pure function with a signature of Signal<State, NoError> -> Signal<Event, NoError>. Feedbacks don't directly mutate states. Instead, they only emit events which then cause states to change in reducers.

public struct Feedback<State, Event> {
    public let events: (Scheduler, Signal<State, NoError>) -> Signal<Event, NoError>
}

func loadNextFeedback(for nearBottomSignal: Signal<Void, NoError>) -> Feedback<State, Event> {
    return Feedback(predicate: { !$0.paging }) { _ in
        return nearBottomSignal
            .map { Event.startLoadingNextPage }
        }
}

func pagingFeedback() -> Feedback<State, Event> {
    return Feedback<State, Event>(skippingRepeated: { $0.nextPage }) { (nextPage) -> SignalProducer<Event, NoError> in
        return URLSession.shared.fetchMovies(page: nextPage)
            .map(Event.response)
            .flatMapError { (error) -> SignalProducer<Event, NoError> in
                return SignalProducer(value: Event.failed(error))
            }
        }
}

func retryFeedback(for retrySignal: Signal<Void, NoError>) -> Feedback<State, Event> {
    return Feedback<State, Event>(skippingRepeated: { $0.lastError }) { _ -> Signal<Event, NoError> in
        return retrySignal.map { Event.retry }
    }
}

func retryPagingFeedback() -> Feedback<State, Event> {
    return Feedback<State, Event>(skippingRepeated: { $0.retryPage }) { (nextPage) -> SignalProducer<Event, NoError> in
        return URLSession.shared.fetchMovies(page: nextPage)
            .map(Event.response)
            .flatMapError { (error) -> SignalProducer<Event, NoError> in
                return SignalProducer(value: Event.failed(error))
            }
        }
}

The Flow

  1. As you can see from the diagram above we always start with an initial state.
  2. Every change to the State will be then delivered to all Feedback loops that were added to the system.
  3. Feedback then decides whether any action should be performed with a subset of the State (e.g calling API, observe UI events) by dispatching an Event, or ignoring it by returning SignalProducer.empty.
  4. Dispatched Event then goes to the Reducer which applies it and returns a new value of the State.
  5. And then cycle starts all over (see 2).
Example
let increment = Feedback<Int, Event> { _ in
    return self.plusButton.reactive
        .controlEvents(.touchUpInside)
        .map { _ in Event.increment }
}

let decrement = Feedback<Int, Event> { _ in
    return self.minusButton.reactive
        .controlEvents(.touchUpInside)
        .map { _ in Event.decrement }
}

let system = SignalProducer<Int, NoError>.system(initial: 0,
    reduce: { (count, event) -> Int in
        switch event {
        case .increment:
            return count + 1
        case .decrement:
            return count - 1
        }
    },
    feedbacks: [increment, decrement])

label.reactive.text <~ system.map(String.init)

Advantages

TODO

Acknowledgements

This is a community fork of the ReactiveFeedback project (with the MIT license) from Babylon Health.